United Kingdom Quality Ash AssociationPublications
The UKQAA publishes a large number of datasheets relating to the applications for coal fired power station products.
These are available for free download using the following links. They are all in PDF format and will require Adobe Acrobat Reader V5 or later. The latest version of Acrobat can be downloaded by clicking on the Adobe icon,
Technical Datasheets
| General Information | This is a six-sided general introduction to PFA/fly ash from coal fired power stations (675KB) |
| Datasheet 1.0 | PFA / fly ash for concrete - Explains why fly ash is beneficial in concrete. (479KB) |
| Datasheet 1.1 | Specifying PFA / fly ash in concrete to EN206/BS8500 - Explains how to specify fly ash in your concrete using the current UK standard. (482KB) |
| The relative performance of EN450 fly ashes to Category S and N. (387KB) | |
| Applications for fly ash to EN450-1:2005 (333KB) | |
| A summary of a project looking at the Sulfate resistance (thaumasite) of fly ash concrete (1,234KB) | |
| A review of the performance of fly ash concrete in contaminated land by BRE Scotland (145KB) | |
| Datasheet 2.0 | PFA / fly ash as a fill material - Describes how PFA is used as a general and structural fill material. (600KB) |
| Datasheet 3.0 | PFA / fly ash for grouting applications - How PFA is used for grouting caverns, mines, redundant pipework, etc. (552KB) |
| Datasheet 4.0 | SIntered PFA Lightweight aggregates - Describes how lightweight aggregate is made and the applications its use for. (436KB) |
| Datasheet 5.0 | Cenospheres - a unique filler - Describes what they are and some of the many applications for the material. (231KB) |
| Datasheet 6.0 | Fly Ash in Highways Construction - An overview of the use of FABM and ESC. Also see the Hydraulically Bound Mixtures information web site for more on HBM. |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Describes FABMs and ESC in detail | |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Laboratory mix design for FABM's. | |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Structural Design aspects | |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Specification for FABM 1 & 2 - clauses you can use in your own specification | |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Specification for FABM 5 - clauses you can use in your own specification | |
| Fly Ash in Highways Construction - Specification for Enhanced Stabilised Capping - clauses you can use in your own specification | |
| Datasheet 7.0 | Furnace Bottom Ash in Light Weight Aggregate (LWA) Concrete Blocks. (417KB) |
| PFA in Aerated Concrete Blocks. (369KB) | |
| Datasheet 8.0 | PFA and the Environmental. (498KB) |
| Environment and Sustainability (483KB) | |
| Sustainability using Fly Ash in Concrete (248KB) | |
| Embodied CO2 of UK cement, additions and cementitious material - a joint Datasheet / fact sheet produced by the BCA, CSMA and UKQAA | |
| Embodied CO2 of factory-made cements and combinations - a joint Datasheet / fact sheet produced by the BCA, CSMA and UKQAA | |
| Radiation in fly ash - information about radiation from ash in products and ash embankments/mounds | |
| Datasheet 9.0 | REACH/COSHH Chemical Safety information about PFA. (197KB) |
Best Practice Guides
These are designed for the use of site staff who need to know how to use PFA/fly ash properly;| Best practice guide 1 | The Placing and Compaction of Concrete containing Pulverised Fuel Ash / Fly Ash- A Guide for Site Engineers and Foremen - (278KB) |
| Best practice guide 2 | The Placing and Compaction of Fly Ash as Structural Fill - (331KB) |
Case Studies
These case studies describe where PFA/fly ash has been successfully used.| Case study No. 1 - Llanelli |
A case study of the use of PFA at the Millennium Llanelli Coastal Park project - (586 KB) |
| Case Study No. 2 - East Midlands airport |
A case study of the use of PFA and fly ash in concrete used at the East Midlands airport - (683 KB) |
| Case Study No. 3 - Grouting Mons Hill Cavern |
A case study of the use of PFA /fly ash for grouting a cavern in the West Midlands - (360KB) |
| Case Study No. 4 - GFA on the A259 Ramsgate Tunnel |
A case study of the use of PFA in GFA for the access tunnels to Ramsgate Harbour- (179KB) |
| Case Study No. 5 - PFA as a fill material Packington |
A case study of the use of PFA as a fill material at Packington, A45, Near Coventry (367KB) |
| Case Study No. 6 - Selby bypass |
The use of PFA as a fill material on Selby Bypass, North Yorkshire- (375KB) |
| Case Study No. 7 - Small Grouting Contract |
The use of PFA in grouts for smaller contracts - (448KB) |
| Case Study 8 - Soil Stabilisation at Flixborough |
The use of PFA in soil stabilisation for North Lincolnshire Council at Flixborough - (352KB) |
| Case Study 9 - Pride Park, Derby |
The use of PFA to reclaim derelict, industrial land at Pride Park, Derby (669KB) |
| Case Study 10 - Bilston Urban Village |
The use of PFA grout to remediate land containing >100 mine shafts (349KB) |
| Case Study 11 - Northwich Salt Mines |
The use of PFA grout in the largest contract in Europe (522KB) |
| Case Study 12 - Selby bypass CBM1A |
The use of fly ash based CBM1A on Selby by-pass (426KB) |
| Case Study 13 - A52 Froghall |
The first use of GFA in road construction on the A52 at Froghall, Staffs in 1997. |
| Case Study 14 - Celtic Manor and the Ryder Cup 2010 | The Celtic Manor Resort will host the 2010 Ryder Cup. Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) has been used to raise areas of the course to build the television compound, a driving range and a practice area. |
| Case Study 15 - FABM at Ratcliffe Power Station | A purpose built factory area adjacent to the power station known as the Construction Laydown Area (CLA) has been constructed using FABM as a base material. |
| Case Study 16 - Fill on the A421/M1 Junction | The use of Fly Ash as an embankment fill on the A421/M1 near Milton Keynes |
| Case Study 17 - FABM at Tixall | C27 Holdiford Road, Tixall, Staffordshire. The use of FABM for road-haunch reconstruction. Repairs to a road consisting of structural ‘edge-of-carriageway’ reconstruction to a depth of 350mm utilising fly ash bound mixture (FABM) overlain with 80mm binder course (for subsequent surface dressing in 2009). |
| HAUC Info. Sheet 1 | Information on the trench mix backfill trial carried out at Eardiston, Worcestershire - (8KB) |
| HAUC Info. Sheet 2 | Information on the trench mix backfill trial carried out at Tixall, Staffordshire - (7KB) |
Position Papers
These explain the UKQAA's position on aspects of the use of PFA/fly ash;| Position Paper No 1 - CrVI Directive |
The situation in relation to PFA and CrVI in cements |
| The issues relating to the Waste Framework Directive and the Environment Agency |
Sustainability & Environmental Information
The use of PFA/fly ash in construction reduces the environmental impact in comparison with traditional methods. The following documents provide environmental information on fly ash that you may find useful;
| Datasheet 8.0 | Looks at the chemistry, leachates and basic environmental properties of PFA and FBA |
| Looks at greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability issues associated with the use of PFA and FBA. | |
| Sustainability issues in concrete and the benefits of using fly ash | |
| Embodied CO2 of UK cement, additions and cementitious material - a joint Datasheet / fact sheet produced by the BCA, CSMA and UKQAA | |
| Embodied CO2 of factory-made cements and combinations - a joint Datasheet / fact sheet produced by the BCA, CSMA and UKQAA | |
| BRE - Approved Environmental Profiles | These profiles were produced by BRE in 2007 covering PFA and FBA Cradle to Gate. |
| Environment Agency for England and Wales "The regulation of materials being considered under the Waste Protocols Project" | This document describes the regulatory position the Environment Agency (For England and Wales) is taking during the interim period while the Quality Protocol for PFA and FBA is being finalised. 27 January 2009. NB: Please ensure you have the latest information on the Waste Framework Directive and Quality Protocol by visiting the Environment Agency's web site - http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ and carrying out a search for Quality Protocol and/or PFA. The UKQAA cannot accept any liability for any changes that may occur in the regulatory position taken by the Environment Agency - it is up to the user to ensure they have the latest information on the issue. |
| Waste Framework Directive and ash as waste | The UKQAA Position Paper outlines the power industry's position over the definition of waste, which has been plaguing the industry for some 7 years. This position paper has been updated to encompass recent court decisions and the draft revision to the Waste Framework Directive currently before the Council of Europe. Click here to download Position Paper 2c - July 2007 |
| Environmental Code of practice for PFA | An environmental code of practice for PFA / fly ash - In PDF format (48KB), January 2003 NB: This document is being updated to align with the WRAP/EA Quality Protocol |
| Environmental Testing and standards | A review of the testing standards and procedures that have been used to assess PFA - in PDF format (130KB), January 2003 NB: This document is out of date and will be deleted when the WRAP/EA Quality Protocol in published |
| A generic environmental risk assessment for PFA | A generic environmental risk assessment for PFA - in PDF format (270KB), January 2003 NB: This document is being updated to align with the WRAP/EA Quality Protocol |
| BRE Environmental Code of Practice for Grouts | The BRE carried out a research project sponsored by the UKQAA, DTI and English Partnerships to produce an environmental code of practice for PFA grouting called "Stabilising mine workings with pfa grouts". The document is now available from BRE Press. NB: to find the publication carry out a search using 'grout' as a search term.. |
Conference Papers
The UKQAA attends many conference, often giving a presentation. In addition we fund research into a wide variety of applications. Wherever possible the papers and reports are made publicly available as follows;
9th International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technology in Asphalt, Pavement Engineering and Highways Maintenance, February 17-18, 2010, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK "FLY ASH BOUND MIXTURES RECYCLED, COST, ENERGY AND CARBON CONSIDERATIONS", Sear & Kennedy |
Coal Combustion and Gasification Products - Journal - see http://www.coalcgp-journal.org/ Coal Fired Power Station Ash Products and EU Regulation - Authors: Sear, Dec 2009 |
7th International Conference, Dundee, 8-10 July 2008 Concrete: Constructions Sustainable Option "Fly ash in Concrete -Enhanced Durability For Sustainable Construction", Sear |
LJMU 2008 Annual International Conference, 20th -21st February 2008, Liverpool, UK "Using Coal Fly Ash in Road Construction", Sear |
EcoBuild 2008, 26-28 February 2008, Earls Court, London "Bilston Urban Village - Case Study", Sear - Power Point |
Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies Conference, Coventry University, UK, 11-13 June 2007 "The use of fly ash for enhancing durability and sustainability", Sear |
AshTech 2006 - Ash Technology Conference hosted by the UKQAA, 15-17 May 2006, Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK. Joint paper with University of Dundee and the UKQAA "Changes in Coal Fired Power Station Fly Ash: Recent Experiences and Use in Concrete", Jones et al |
AshTech 2006 - Ash Technology Conference hosted by the UKQAA, 15-17 May 2006, Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK, "Pulverised Fuel Ash and Preventing the Thaumasite Form of Sulfate Attack", Sear |
AshTech 2006 - Ash Technology Conference hosted by the UKQAA, 15-17 May 2006, Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK. Joint paper with Hatterall Associates and the UKQAA "Ash Utilisation from Coal-Based Power Plants", Barnes and Sear |
AshTech 2006 - Ash Technology Conference hosted by the UKQAA, 15-17 May 2006, Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK. Joint paper with Health Protection Agency - Radiation Protection Division and the UKQAA "A radiological study of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) from UK coal-fired power stations", Gooding et al |
The CIWM held a one day seminar on 11 July 2005 on the Definition of Waste in London. The UKQAA gave a paper entitled "Pulverised Fuel Ash - an issue of definition?" |
Dundee University Conference - Global Construction - Ultimate Concrete Opportunities, 5-7 July 2005. " |
On the 8 and 9 May 2005 the UKQAA were invited to give a paper to the ECOBA conference held in Brussels. "Blocks made in UK - 100 % utilization of bottom ash" |
In April 2005 the UKQAA exhibited at the World of Coal Ash conference in Kentucky, USA. The paper was entitled "European Legislation in the UK - a threat or an opportunity?" |
In March 2005 the UKQAA were invited to give a paper in for the Polish CCP Union on "The Equivalent concrete performance concept to EN206" |
Sustainable Waste Management Conference
Kingston University – 14/15 September 2004 "Recycling Power Station By-products. A long history of use?" |
The 2003 Kentucky University Fly Ash conference held in Lexington, Kentucky, USA in October 2003. " The Environmental Impacts of Using Fly Ash – the UK Producers’Perspective" |
WASCON 2003 conference held in San Sebastion, Spain in June 2003. "Environmental Legislation and by product materials – The UK perspective" |
School of Civil Engineering Nottingham Centre for Pavement Engineering. Final Report to UKQAA December 2002. By: G. K. Arnold, A. R. Dawson and M. Muller. " Determining the extent of ground and surface water contamination adjacent to embankments comprising pfa". |
Dundee CTU Congress, 'Challenges of concrete construction', September 2002. " The Environmental Benefits of PFA" |
The 2001 Kentucky University Fly Ash conference held in Lexington, Kentucky, USA in October 2001. "Fly Ash standards, market strategy and UK Practice" |
BCA Concrete Communication conference, UMIST, Manchester, 3rd & 4th July 2001. " Pfa and fly ash as an addition in concrete – European standards" |
PROGRES Workshop on Novel Products from Combustion Residues, Morella, Spain, 5th to 7th June 2001. "UK Practice– A Review of Fly Ashes for use in Concrete" |
WASCON conference, June 2000 in Leeds/Harrogate, UK. " The development of a code of practice for the environmental sound use of PFA as a fill" |
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